The white powdery mold likely was powdery mildew. A peroxide spray (2 tablespoons 3% hydrogen peroxide - std stuff at the pharmacy/grocery - in a quart of water) likely would have nixed it had you done it when it appeared. Now that it is bare, you could spray with 10% lime sulfur or paint it on (diluted at least 1:1), but I doubt that it is really necessary for the health of the tree. It will, however, look more like the classic Japanese maple bonsai.