There's a lot of variables - species and growth rates, soil type, local conditions, shape of the container, etc but generally I wouldn't go above a 15cm diameter pot for a small seedling or cutting. When the roots have filled that pot it can be upsized to 20cm, possibly 30cm. I've never heard of any calculations that predict what sized containers are good or too large.
I've had good results by simply placing the smaller pot into a larger container of potting soil and letting the roots grow out into the new soil when they can. Don't leave pots like that for more than one season though or roots may block the drain holes and create a little pool inside the smaller pot.
Pots on the ground to let roots escape into the soil also increase growth rates a lot.